
Semaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonist designed with structural modifications including a C18 fatty acid moiety for albumin binding and multiple amino acid substitutions that extend its half-life to approximately 7 days. It enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion, slows gastric emptying, and reduces central hunger signaling through hypothalamic GLP-1 receptor engagement. Extensive clinical research has established its efficacy in type 2 diabetes management and obesity treatment, with body weight reductions of approximately 15–17% observed in long-term studies. It represents the foundational reference standard against which next-generation incretin compounds including tirzepatide and retatrutide are compared in metabolic research.