
GHK-Cu (Glycine-Histidine-Lysine complexed with copper Cu2+) is a naturally occurring tripeptide found in human plasma, urine, and saliva that declines significantly with age. It complexes with copper ions to modulate extracellular matrix-related gene expression, metalloproteinase activity, and angiogenic pathways. Research has consistently demonstrated its ability to accelerate wound healing in animal models, promote collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, and reduce inflammatory cytokines including TNF-β. It has been explored in cosmetic and regenerative research for skin firmness, elasticity, and wound recovery. Recent genomic analyses reveal that GHK-Cu influences the expression of over 4,000 human genes, positioning it as a broad molecular regulator in tissue biology research.